Livestock and poultry farming generate wastewater with significant antibiotic residues. These residues drive environmental risks and contribute to the global rise of antimicrobial resistance. Therefore, microalgae antibiotic removal technology has emerged as a promising and sustainable alternative to traditional remediation methods. Furthermore, recent reviews highlight the potential of these biological systems to mitigate the spread of resistant genes in aquatic environments.

Mechanisms of Microalgae Antibiotic Removal

Microalgae utilize several complex pathways to eliminate pharmaceutical pollutants from wastewater. Specifically, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) act as vital multifunctional mediators during this process. The anionic functional groups within the EPS matrix facilitate the bioadsorption of cationic antibiotics. Additionally, photosensitizing components within the EPS promote indirect photodegradation when exposed to light. Consequently, these microorganisms effectively reduce the concentration of pharmaceutical waste without the need for harsh chemicals.

Biotransformation also plays a critical role in high-efficiency treatment systems. EPS-associated enzymes directly participate in the biotransformation of complex antibiotic structures into simpler, less harmful compounds. Moreover, synergistic interactions between microalgae and bacteria often improve overall removal rates. However, researchers must still clarify the exact mechanisms underlying these microbial interactions. Future studies should focus on characterizing EPS functionality more accurately under practical wastewater conditions.

Ultimately, optimizing these microalgae-based systems could provide a robust defense against environmental antibiotic contamination. Addressing current knowledge gaps regarding transformation products will be essential for large-scale implementation. Such advances will significantly support the One Health approach by reducing the environmental pressure that fosters antibiotic-resistant superbugs.

How do microalgae systems assist in antibiotic removal?

Microalgae remove antibiotics through several mechanisms, including bioadsorption, where residues adhere to the cell surface, and biodegradation, where metabolic enzymes break down the chemical compounds.

What is the role of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS)?

EPS are polymers secreted by microalgae that function as a biological filter. They contain functional groups that trap antibiotics and enzymes that facilitate their degradation, enhancing the overall purification process.

Why is wastewater treatment critical for public health in India?

In India, environmental antibiotic discharge is a major driver of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Effective wastewater treatment reduces the environmental reservoir of resistant pathogens, which directly impacts the efficacy of clinical treatments for human infections.

Disclaimer: This content is for informational and educational purposes only. It does not constitute professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified healthcare provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Refer to the latest local and national guidelines for clinical practice.

References

1. Zhang R et al. Microalgae-based technology for antibiotic removal from livestock wastewater: A review on mechanisms, performance, and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) enhancement. J Environ Manage. 2026 Jun 19. doi: undefined. PMID: 42320209.

2. Polianciuc SI et al. Antibiotics in the environment: causes and effects. Arch Pharm (Weinheim). 2020;353(1):e1900291.

3. World Health Organization. Antibiotic resistance. 2020. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/antibiotic-resistance.