Recent updates to the International Blind Sports Federation (IBSA) classification system have significantly altered the competitive landscape for athletes with visual impairments. A new study published in the American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation explores how these changes influence Para judo combat dynamics in female athletes. By analyzing 116 matches from the 2022 IBSA Judo World Championships, researchers have identified distinct temporal patterns that vary by sport class and weight category.

Primary Determinants: J1 vs. J2 Sport Classes

The 2022 classification system separates athletes into two distinct groups: J1 for the totally blind and J2 for the partially sighted. Consequently, these groups exhibit markedly different match behaviors. J1 athletes generally experience a more fragmented combat structure characterized by longer pauses. In contrast, J2 athletes engage in more dynamic matches with extended periods of active standing combat and fewer interruptions. These findings suggest that the level of visual impairment dictates the rhythm and intensity of the match more than any other factor.

How Weight Categories Modulate Para Judo Combat Dynamics

While sport class remains the dominant factor, weight categories act as a secondary modulator for Para judo combat dynamics. In the J1 class, extra-lightweight athletes (-48 kg) demonstrate an intermittent pattern with relatively short pauses. However, heavier J1 athletes tend to have longer displacement times and extended pauses. Conversely, within the J2 class, lighter athletes typically perform shorter standing-combat sequences compared to their heavier counterparts. This intersection between weight and vision impairment requires coaches to tailor physical preparation specifically to each division.

Practical Implications for Training and Rehabilitation

Understanding these temporal structures is essential for sports medicine professionals and coaches. For example, J1 athletes may require training focus on explosive movements within short bursts, followed by recovery strategies for longer pauses. Meanwhile, J2 athletes need higher aerobic capacity to sustain longer active sequences. Furthermore, medical professionals must consider these specific physical demands when designing injury prevention programs for Para judokas.

Frequently Asked Questions

What are the main differences between J1 and J2 classes?

J1 athletes are totally blind or have minimal light perception, while J2 athletes have a higher degree of functional vision. This results in J2 matches being more continuous and J1 matches having more frequent stoppages.

How do weight categories affect match length?

Generally, heavier weight categories in the J1 class exhibit longer pause durations and more displacement time, whereas lighter weight categories across both classes tend to have shorter, more explosive combat sequences.

Why was the classification system changed in 2022?

The IBSA introduced the J1 and J2 separation to ensure fairer competition by preventing totally blind athletes from competing directly against those with significant residual vision.

Disclaimer: This content is for informational and educational purposes only and does not constitute professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified healthcare provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Refer to the latest local and national guidelines for clinical practice.

References

Gutiérrez-Santiago A et al. Time-motion Analysis of Female Para Judo Athletes With Visual Impairments: Influence of the New Sport Classes and Weight Categories. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2026 Jun 22. doi: 10.1097/PHM.0000000000003072. PMID: 42322126.

International Blind Sports Federation (IBSA). IBSA Judo Rules 2022-2024. Accessed June 2024.

Kons RL et al. The Classification System in Para Judo: Transitions, Performance Outcomes, and Future Challenges. Adapt Phys Activ Q. 2025 Sep 1:1-13. doi: 10.1123/apaq.2025-0089.