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Surgical removal of ovarian endometriomas can improve pain in selected patients but may reduce ovarian reserve, particularly after bilateral or repeated procedures. Prospective studies using anti-Müllerian hormone demonstrate a decline in ovarian reserve after endometrioma surgery, with incomplete recovery in some women. For fertility-focused practice, the implication is that surgery should not be considered automatically before IVF or other fertility treatment. Age, symptoms, endometrioma size, prior surgery, ovarian reserve, accessibility of follicles and suspicion for malignancy all influence the decision. When surgery is necessary, experienced minimally invasive techniques and tissue-sparing approaches are important. Fertility preservation should be discussed in younger women at substantial risk of future ovarian compromise.

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Surgical removal of ovarian endometriomas can improve pain in selected patients but may reduce ovarian reserve, particularly after bilateral or repeated procedures. Prospective studies using anti-Müllerian hormone demonstrate a decline in ovarian reserve after endometrioma surgery, with incomplete recovery in some women. For fertility-focused practice, the implication is that surgery should not be considered automatically before IVF or other fertility treatment. Age, symptoms, endometrioma size, prior surgery, ovarian reserve, accessibility of follicles and suspicion for malignancy all influence the decision. When surgery is necessary, experienced minimally invasive techniques and tissue-sparing approaches are important. Fertility preservation should be discussed in younger women at substantial risk of future ovarian compromise.
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