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Effective management of cerebral palsy (CP) requires a precise measurement of postural stability. Trunk control in CP serves as a foundational element for gross motor function and daily independence. However, clinicians often struggle to select the most appropriate evaluation methods from a wide array of options. Consequently, a recent scoping review examined 22 distinct tools to clarify their current clinical utility and psychometric strength. This review highlights that while many options exist, their application varies significantly across different Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) levels.
Researchers categorized the available assessments into clinical and instrumented methods. Clinical tools, such as the Segmental Assessment of Trunk Control (SATCo), offer practical insights during routine bedside evaluations. Conversely, instrumented tools were used in 65% of the studies because they provide detailed kinematic data via sensors and motion capture systems. Although these technologies are popular in research settings, the review revealed a critical lack of data regarding responsiveness. Specifically, none of the included studies reported on the ability of these tools to detect clinical changes over time. Therefore, practitioners must exercise caution when using these tools to monitor the effects of long-term interventions.
Furthermore, the study highlighted significant disparities in current research focus. Specifically, 85% of investigations exclusively focused on spastic CP, leaving those with dyskinetic presentations underrepresented. In addition, only 28% of the literature addressed individuals with severe impairments classified as GMFCS levels IV or V. As a result, there is an urgent need for more inclusive studies that validate tools for heterogeneous clinical presentations. Future research should prioritize the evaluation of tool responsiveness across all facets of postural control to improve clinical guidance.
Overall, practitioners should prioritize tools with established validity and reliability. While clinical assessments remain the mainstay in many settings, the integration of instrumented data could enhance precision in the future. Moreover, clinicians must account for the diverse motor profiles of their patients when selecting an assessment. For example, a tool validated for spastic CP might not accurately capture the fluctuations seen in dyskinetic CP. Thus, a multi-faceted approach to trunk control in CP is essential for developing effective, individualized treatment plans.
The Segmental Assessment of Trunk Control (SATCo) and the Trunk Control Measurement Scale (TCMS) are among the most frequently utilized clinical tools due to their established validity in pediatric populations.
Research often focuses on higher-functioning individuals (GMFCS I-III) because they are easier to assess with standard tools, whereas individuals with severe impairments require more specialized or adaptive assessment methods.
Instrumented tools provide objective, quantitative data that can capture subtle movement patterns. However, clinical scales are often more feasible for daily practice and provide immediate, functional insights without the need for expensive equipment.
Disclaimer: This content is for informational and educational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Always seek the advice of a qualified healthcare provider regarding any medical condition. Refer to the latest local and national guidelines for clinical practice.
References
1. Van Wonterghem E et al. Assessment of trunk movement and posture in spastic and dyskinetic cerebral palsy: A scoping review. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2026 Apr 10. doi: 10.1111/dmcn.70210. PMID: 41964113.
2. Heyrman L, et al. Trunk Control Measurement Scale (TCMS): Reliability and validity in children with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2011;53(1):54-59.
3. Pountney TE, et al. The Segmental Assessment of Trunk Control (SATCo). Dev Med Child Neurol. 2006;48(10):831-839.
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