Researchers in Argentina recently examined penile HPV prevalence within high-risk populations. This study provides critical epidemiological insights into human papillomavirus (HPV) among men who have sex with men (MSM) and people who self-identify as transgender women (PSTGW). Since high-risk genotypes (hrHPV) carry oncogenic potential, clinicians must understand their distribution to improve preventive care.

Epidemiological Insights into Penile HPV Prevalence

The study evaluated penile samples from 300 participants at an HIV prevention center in Buenos Aires. Results showed an overall penile hrHPV prevalence of 31%. Notably, researchers found no significant difference in prevalence rates between MSM and PSTGW. Furthermore, the investigators identified the most common genotypes as HPV-33 (6.3%), HPV-53 (5.3%), and HPV-16 (4.6%). These findings underscore the widespread nature of the virus in these communities.

Impact of HIV Status on HPV Distribution

Clinical data suggests that HIV status significantly influences infection characteristics. People living with HIV (PWH) exhibited a higher hrHPV prevalence of 41%, compared to 27% in HIV-negative individuals. Moreover, PWH frequently carried multiple genotypes. Specifically, about 15% of PWH had infections involving three or more genotypes, while only 4% of the HIV-negative group showed the same. Consequently, HIV-positive patients require more intensive monitoring for HPV-related issues.

Behavioral Risk Factors and Transmission

Analysis identified several factors that increased the risk of infection. For instance, individuals with over 50 lifetime sexual partners had a two-fold increase in risk. Similarly, those who engaged in sex work faced nearly double the odds of testing positive. Additionally, these associations highlight the penis as a major reservoir for HPV transmission. Therefore, health providers should prioritize gender-neutral vaccination and targeted screening for these populations.

Why is monitoring penile HPV prevalence important?

Monitoring penile HPV prevalence is crucial because the penis acts as a reservoir for high-risk genotypes. These genotypes can lead to oncogenic complications and contribute to the transmission of infections within high-risk communities.

How does HIV impact HPV infection risk?

HIV infection significantly increases the risk of acquiring high-risk HPV. Individuals with HIV often show higher prevalence rates and are more likely to be infected with multiple HPV genotypes simultaneously compared to HIV-negative individuals.

What are the primary risk factors for penile HPV?

The primary risk factors include having a high number of lifetime sexual partners and a history of sex work. These factors are strongly associated with an increased probability of detecting high-risk HPV genotypes in penile samples.

Disclaimer: This content is for informational and educational purposes only. It does not constitute professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read here. Refer to the latest local and national guidelines for clinical practice.

References

Salusso DD et al. Penile human papilloma virus (HPV) in high risk populations with and without HIV: Epidemiological insights from Argentina. Int J STD AIDS. 2026 Mar 24. doi: 10.1177/09564624261437168. PMID: 41874519.

Cotte L, et al. Prevalence and incidence of human papillomavirus infection in men having sex with men enrolled in a pre-exposure prophylaxis study. J Infect Dis. 2021 Dec 15;224(12):2016-2024.

Van Aar F, et al. Anal and penile high-risk human papillomavirus prevalence in HIV-negative and HIV-infected MSM. AIDS. 2013 Nov 28;27(18):2921-31.