Recent scientific research highlights the growing ozone pollution impact on agricultural productivity across India. Surface ozone (O3) in the arable ecosystem has become a severe threat to national food security. Historically, assessments of this environmental challenge were limited. However, a new high-resolution analysis covers the past two decades. This study clarifies how rising ozone levels directly reduce the yield of essential food grains like wheat.

The analysis reveals a significant rise in relative yield loss (RYL) for wheat. Between 2005 and 2021, the loss jumped from 25.2% to 35.3%. Consequently, annual wheat production losses reached approximately 48.6 million tonnes by 2020. This trend underscores the increasing vulnerability of Indian agriculture. Furthermore, it highlights the urgent need for integrated policy responses.

Addressing the Ozone Pollution Impact on Crop Yield

Researchers found that critical reproductive stages are most at risk. Specifically, stages like anthesis and grain filling consistently face high exposure. These exposures often exceed the safe limit of 3000 parts per billion hour (ppb h). The Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) remains the most affected region. Therefore, intense ozone exposure during these sensitive times exacerbates the total yield loss. To safeguard food security, India must prioritize long-term air quality monitoring. Additionally, linking agriculture and air quality policies will be crucial for mitigation.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the AOT40 method?

The AOT40 method is a concentration-based approach that measures the accumulated amount of ozone above a threshold of 40 parts per billion during the growing season. It helps scientists quantify the physiological damage and yield loss caused by chronic ozone exposure in crops.

Which regions in India are most vulnerable to wheat yield loss?

The Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) is the most vulnerable region due to high levels of ozone precursors and stagnant atmospheric conditions. As India's primary wheat-producing belt, the high exposure levels here significantly impact the total national production volume.

Disclaimer: This content is for informational and educational purposes only and does not constitute professional medical advice or recommendations. Refer to the latest local and national guidelines for clinical practice.

References

1. Anagha KS et al. Rising ozone pollution as a threat to wheat yield in India: insights from a concentration-based approach. Environ Sci Process Impacts. 2026 Mar 06. doi: 10.1039/d5em00850f. PMID: 41789531.


2. Dewan S, Lakhani A. Impact of ozone pollution on crop yield, human health, and associated economic costs in the Indo-Gangetic plains. Sci Total Environ. 2024 Oct 1;945:173820. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173820.


3. Everett G et al. Ozone pollution may limit the benefits of irrigation to wheat productivity in India. Biogeosciences. 2025 Aug 26;22:4203–4219. doi: 10.5194/bg-22-4203-2025.