Researchers have successfully completed the first in vivo pharmacokinetic evaluation of 3D-printed veterinary formulations, specifically targeting canine heart failure management. This clinical trial utilized semisolid extrusion (SSE) to create 2.5 mg pimobendan (PBD) tablets, referred to as 'printlets.' These custom-made dosages offer a potential solution to the limitations of mass-produced veterinary medications. Frequently, commercial formulations lack dose flexibility and present sizing issues that complicate long-term treatment for smaller patients.

The study compared these innovative printlets against the established commercial formulation, Vetmedin, in healthy Beagle dogs. Scientists analyzed both formulations for weight, drug content, and in vitro dissolution before oral administration. To ensure accuracy, the team quantified plasma PBD concentrations using LC-MS/MS and determined pharmacokinetic parameters through non-compartmental analysis. While both formulations were safely tolerated without adverse effects, the 3D-printed veterinary formulations exhibited a distinct sustained release profile. This variation in absorption underscores the ability of digital manufacturing to modulate how a patient processes medication.

Benefits of 3D-Printed Veterinary Formulations

Digital manufacturing provides several advantages for modern veterinary practice. Firstly, SSE 3D printing allows for precise dosing, which is vital for managing chronic conditions like heart failure where titration is key. Secondly, the technology enables the creation of chewable, palatable tablets that can improve patient adherence. Furthermore, the ability to print medications on-demand helps clinicians adapt therapy to the evolving physiological needs of the patient. Consequently, this study serves as a critical proof-of-concept for the wider adoption of 3D printing in pharmacy settings.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is semisolid extrusion 3D printing?

Semisolid extrusion is a specialized 3D printing technique that uses medicinal gels or pastes to construct dosage forms layer-by-layer. Because it operates at lower temperatures, it is highly suitable for drugs that are sensitive to heat.

How do 3D-printed tablets compare to traditional commercial options?

Unlike traditional mass-produced tablets, 3D-printed versions allow for highly customizable dosages and varied release profiles. This flexibility is essential for personalized medicine, especially when standard tablet sizes do not meet a specific patient's weight or metabolic requirements.

Disclaimer: This content is for informational and educational purposes only. It does not constitute professional medical or veterinary advice. Refer to the latest local and national guidelines for clinical practice.

References

Leão J et al. From prototype to veterinary patient: a pharmacokinetic clinical trial of 3D-printed pimobendan tablets in beagle dogs. Drug Deliv Transl Res. 2026 May 25. doi: 10.1007/s13346-026-02156-z. PMID: 42184094.

Zhang B, et al. An investigation into the effects of ink formulations of semi-solid extrusion 3D printing on the performance of printed solid dosage forms. RSC Pharmaceutics. 2023.

CurifyLabs. A new technology brings 3D-printed compounded medications to the veterinary space. dvm360. 2025.