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Long-term follow-up from the Swedish Spinal Stenosis Study adds important durability to the evidence comparing decompression alone with decompression plus fusion. At five years, disability outcomes were similar between groups, regardless of whether degenerative spondylolisthesis was present. The results reinforce the lack of a routine clinical advantage from adding fusion to decompression for many patients with lumbar spinal stenosis. Fusion increased operative burden without improving the main patient-reported endpoint. This evidence is directly relevant to surgical planning because it challenges the common assumption that a radiographic slip should automatically trigger fusion. For HCPs, decision-making should instead focus on symptoms, instability, deformity, level of disease and the goals of surgery. Older patients may particularly benefit from avoiding unnecessary blood loss, longer hospitalisation and added implant-related risks. The broader message is that less extensive surgery can deliver equivalent long-term outcomes when it addresses the actual source of symptoms. Fusion remains appropriate for selected patients, but this trial supports treating it as an indication-specific procedure rather than an automatic companion to decompression.

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Long-term follow-up from the Swedish Spinal Stenosis Study adds important durability to the evidence comparing decompression alone with decompression plus fusion. At five years, disability outcomes were similar between groups, regardless of whether degenerative spondylolisthesis was present. The results reinforce the lack of a routine clinical advantage from adding fusion to decompression for many patients with lumbar spinal stenosis. Fusion increased operative burden without improving the main patient-reported endpoint. This evidence is directly relevant to surgical planning because it challenges the common assumption that a radiographic slip should automatically trigger fusion. For HCPs, decision-making should instead focus on symptoms, instability, deformity, level of disease and the goals of surgery. Older patients may particularly benefit from avoiding unnecessary blood loss, longer hospitalisation and added implant-related risks. The broader message is that less extensive surgery can deliver equivalent long-term outcomes when it addresses the actual source of symptoms. Fusion remains appropriate for selected patients, but this trial supports treating it as an indication-specific procedure rather than an automatic companion to decompression.
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