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HPV vaccination substantially reduces the risk of infection with major oncogenic HPV types, but vaccinated women can still acquire other oncogenic types and may have been exposed before vaccination. Population health studies therefore support continued cervical screening according to age- and risk-based recommendations. For gynecologists, the integration of vaccination and screening is central to cervical-cancer elimination. HPV testing can identify women at elevated risk, while triage and timely treatment of precancerous lesions prevent progression to invasive cancer. Counseling should emphasize that vaccination and screening solve different parts of the prevention pathway and that neither is sufficient alone.

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HPV vaccination substantially reduces the risk of infection with major oncogenic HPV types, but vaccinated women can still acquire other oncogenic types and may have been exposed before vaccination. Population health studies therefore support continued cervical screening according to age- and risk-based recommendations. For gynecologists, the integration of vaccination and screening is central to cervical-cancer elimination. HPV testing can identify women at elevated risk, while triage and timely treatment of precancerous lesions prevent progression to invasive cancer. Counseling should emphasize that vaccination and screening solve different parts of the prevention pathway and that neither is sufficient alone.
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